Is infant frenotomy for breastfeeding problems an evidence-based solution?
Systematic reviews are unable to demonstrate benefits for infant frenotomy
Syntheses and analyses, either as systematic reviews or metanarrative reviews, fail to demonstrate benefits of frenotomy for ankyloglossia or tongue-tie. It is possible that the benefits of simple scissors frenotomy for classic tongue-tie are being overlooked because of the lack of clarity in all existing research concerning the definition of tongue-tie.
Often you'll hear it said that research has limitations, that there's not enough research done yet, that we need to take into account clinical experience. There's often some truth to each of these claims when it comes to helping women and babies with breastfeeding problems. What matters, in my view, is that we understand how to make sense of research, how to set it up and how to analyse it, drawing on clinical experience and robust, debateable theoretical models. Unfortunately, most health professionals lack training or experience in this. Very commonly, when it comes to breastfeeding, theories are pronounced to breastfeeding women and their families as facts.
In 2013, when I first published an article questioning the usefulness of the diagnosis of posterior tongue-tie, I was operating out of clinical experience and theoretical frames. Now, there are many studies which investigate the usefulness of frenotomy, many conducted in clinics where a range of frenotomies (including for diagnoses of posterior tongue tie, labial ties, and buccal ties) are offered as a service for babies with breastfeeding problems. When these are analysed critically, they don't show benefit.
In this video I discuss the review by Professor Borowitz on tongue-tie, which came out in 2023.
Thomas et al (American Association of Pediatrics) 2024: systematic review
Similarly, in 2024, the American Association of Pediatrics published a comprehensive and rigorously conducted review of the research literature to date, coming to the same conclusion as as Professor Borowtiz: that there is no evidence to suggest that frenotomy leads to longer durations of breastfeeding in infants. The authors found low-level evidence to suggest that frenotomy helps with breastfeeding pain.
Dinh et al 2025: RCT
Dinh et al conducted an RCT in a Florida (US) hospital. This study randomised 112 mother-baby pairs into a scissors frenotomy and sham scissors frenotomy groups. The study was conducted on full term infants (at least 37 weeks gestation, no older than 2 weeks post-birth), born with no medical comorbidities, who were diagnosed with ankyloglossia (defined by HATLFF function and appearance scores), and whose mother had difficulty breastfeeding as measured by a lactation nurse using a LATCH score.
One of three paediatric craniofacial surgeons conducted either the scissors frenotomy or the sham frenotomy. One infant required suturing post-frenotomy due to bleeding and was excluded from further participation in the study. (Two others didn't continue due to what was diagnosed as 'infant fatigue'). A blinded lactation consultant assessed LATCH scores and pain scores before and after the intervention.
On analysis of the data, the study showed no significant differences between lingual frenotomy and sham procedures on breastfeeding pain or LATCH scores in the immediate newborn setting.
References
Borowitz SM. What is tongue-tie and does it interfere with breast-feeding? - a brief review. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2023;11:1086942.
You can read Professor Borowitz's exellent review open access here.
Dinh LA, El-Rabbany M, Aslam S, Ricalde P. Does lingual frenotomy improve breastfeeding in newborns with ankyloglossia? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Oral and Maxilliofacial Surgery. 2025:DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2025.1004.1006.
Thomas J, Bunik M, Holmes A. Identification and management of ankyloglossia and its effect on breastfeeding in infants: clinical report. Pediatrics. 2024;154(2):e2024067605.
You can read the systematic review by Professor Jennifer Thomas and her team, published in Pediatrics by the American Academy of Pediatrics open access here.